martes, 20 de noviembre de 2012

A critique: Academic Writing – A Handbook for International Students



Academic Writing – A Handbook for International Students (Bailey, 2006) is a book specially designed for foreign students taking courses in English-speaking countries. It is intended to enhance writing skills in the academic world through a clear layout, consisting of four parts, in turn divided into units. Each part broaches different aspects of the writing process.
In Part 1, the author explores topics related to the process of writing, namely producing an introduction, the main body and a conclusion, together with rewriting and proof-reading. Particularly important is this section as it also analyses the necessary steps to be taken before writing, such as selecting keypoints, collecting information, note making and combining and acknowledging sources.
Parts 2 and 3 provide students with elements for writing – argument, cohesion, cause and effect, among others – and examine accuracy through the correct use of grammar, vocabulary and punctuation. Especially noteworthy is the fact that these items have been listed alphabetically so that students can work on the points they are weak at, which caters for individual learning styles.
Part 4 consists of models of texts students may be asked to write since the book aims at developing students’ skills for written assessment. As it is claimed in the introduction, “Writing essays and dissertations can be a major concern for overseas students studying at English-medium colleges and universities” (Bailey, 2006, p.i), thus English for Academic Purposes material represent valuable guidance for them.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that this book has certain drawbacks. The units related to letters and CVs in Part 4 could have been omitted as these types of text do not represent a major concern for students expected to write dissertations or argumentative essays at university. Despite the usefulness of the units mentioned, students will not put them into practice within the context under discussion.
Furthermore, Bailey (2006) offers students the chance of doing some activities to practise the different items developed, and he includes a key to these activities at the end of the book. Notwithstanding, this section features mostly suggested answers, which might not be conclusive enough and, as a consequence, it renders the material unsuitable for self-study.
To conclude, through his work, Bailey (2006) provides students with significant background for writing. Nonetheless, non-native English-speaking university undergraduates might find themselves overwhelmed when dealing with the production of written assignments, together with the analysis of academic writing. Therefore, it is advisable that they are aided by a teacher who can guide them in the scrutiny of the contents. 


References
Bailey, Stephen (2006). Academic Writing: A handbook for international students (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis e-library. Retrieved October 2012 from http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_t27.pdf .
 

The influence of technology on instructed language learning: A summary



“Emerging Technologies. Challenging hegemonies in online learning” is an article written by Godwin-Jones (2012). In his work, the author analyses the use of the web in higher education settings for instructed language learning. He also examines the characteristics of different learning management systems (LMS), the underlying pedagogy, the cultural dimensions, and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
            The main LMS explored by Godwin-Jones (2012) are Blackboard Learn, Moodle and Sakai. By comparing these three systems according to their technical requirements, his conclusion is that Moodle is the most widely used, due to its adaptability to a great variety of platforms. Furthermore, Moodle is available at no cost. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that despite students’ contributions to the learning environment, the structure of the coursein LMS “still comes from the teacher alone” (Godwin-Jones, 2012, para. 5).
            As regards the underlying pedagogy of each LMS, Blackboard Learn is considered to be “a closed, self-contained system using cognitive-behavioral learning, with emphasis on information presentation and measurable performance assessment” (Godwin-Jones, 2012, para. 3). On the other hand, Moodle and Sakai are effective tools for collaborative work. In fact, Moodle was developed by taking into consideration a social constructivist learning model.
            With relation to the cultural dimensions, the author claims that the fact that these LMS came to existence in Anglophone countries may make these tools culturally biased. Owing to the fact that the orientation of the design of the LMS suggests an individualistic view in which reasoning is linear and rationalist and the communication is open and frank. However, this is also considered an ethnocentric view since young people generally portray various online roles and identities.
            Godwin-Jones (2012) also considers benefits and drawbacks of the use of LMS. On the one hand, instructors train their students to be “informed consumers of technology (Godwin-Jones, para. 11), to acquire technology know-how techniques and to become aware of their own language learning styles. Nonetheless, delivery of content in these settings is considered to be spoon-fed and the characteristics of the limited environment marks a difference with the constanlty-changing world of the net.
             As a conclusion, the author refers to numerous institutions which offer different courses that resort to LMS and to the current need of catering for logistic, pedagogical, and professional issues. Godwin-Jones (2012) considers that providing language courses that involve the participation of external students is interesting from a cultural perspective, which is the reason why the LMS is a helpful tool.



References

Godwin-Jones, R. (2012). Emerging techonologies. Challenging hegemonies in online learning. Teaching & Technology, 16. Retrieved October 2012 from

Mobile language learning: More than just “the platform.” – An outline



Purpose: To summarize Ballance’s (2012) view on the use of the new platform Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) in Computer assisted language learning.
 
Thesis: It is important to assess the technological developments to be exploited, in this case the use of the new platform MALL.

Audience: Language teachers

1.0       Computer assisted language learning (CALL)
1.1. Origins and development
1.2. Characteristics

2.00     Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) as a new tool  
2.1       Empirical evidence of the effects of the mobile phone platform on vocabulary acquisition.
            2.2       The way to approach the design of learning software.
2.3       Suggestions to design MALL activities and some possible effect these activities may have
2.4       Potential of MALL to turn “dead time” into useful study time.

3.00     Conclusion: “does MALL have the potential to supplement our existing language learning resources with something else?”



References
Ballance, O.J. (2012). Mobile language learning: More than just “the platform.” Language Teaching & Technology, 16. Retrieved October 2012 from
 

jueves, 18 de octubre de 2012

Using writing activities with real outcomes to improve students’ literacy skills – An academic summary


 “Writing for the world: Wikipedia as an introduction to academic writing” is an article written by Tardy (2010), an Assistant Professor who specializes in Writing, Rhetoric and Discourse. In her work, the author refers to the importance of academic literacy in a second language within a context of higher education. Furthermore, she explains how writing an article for publishing on Wikipedia as a teacher-guided task can help develop students’ skills in academic genres.
  
According to Tardy (2010), writing an article for publishing on the English-language version of Wikipedia familiarizes students with academic conventions regarding research, summaries and paraphrases, citing of sources, genre conventions and language use for a specific genre. In this way, students will be able to develop academic literacy skills by analysing sources, considering credibility and reliability, and avoiding plagiarism when writing their own piece.

During the pre-writing stage, students become acquainted with the kind of articles published on Wikipedia, focusing on layout and content. Therefore, patterns of organization, style, and the type of knowledge referred to are examined in detail. Once students have analysed samples of articles within the global website, they will be ready to select their topic.

The while-writing stage implies doing research on the selected topic and completing a Fact Sheet, where students decide whether they are going to paraphrase, summarize or quote the different pieces of information gathered. In addition to this, students are involved in the process of planning and organizing content and drafting their article. Special attention to quotations and references is required at this stage.

The after-writing stage consists of checking for spelling, vocabulary, grammar and punctuation mistakes and publishing the article. In certain cases, some students might need to go through a revision stage, to comply with the preliminary conditions of the website and eventually have their article published. The last step of the activity does not mean that students will forget about their production. Wikipedia is open for other people to edit or even delete the article. “Watching their article evolve over time can be an excellent learning experience” (Tardy, 2010, para. 39).

On balance, Tardy’s (2010) “approach to introducing the skills of academic writing for L2 (second language) writers” (para.5) through this Wikipedia-writing project engages students into a meaningful activity with a realistic outcome and it improves their academic literacy skills. By going through the process described, students are exposed to the procedures and techniques necessary to produce a successful piece of writing, namely research, selection of reliable sources, proper citing, and peer editing.


 
References
Tardy, C.M. (2010). Writing for the world: Wikipedia as an introduction to Academic Writing. English Teaching Forum, 1. Retrieved from http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives/docs/10-48-1-c.pdf

Defining Discourse Community


According to Swales (1990), a discourse community is constituted by a group of people who share a set of goals; make use of participatory mechanisms in order to exchange information and feedback; avails itself of a specific genre, using highly specialized terminology; and it achieves a certain level of expertise. The following authors provide evidence which supports Swales’ theory.
Hoffman-Kipp, Artiles and Lopez-Torres (2003) aim at associating teachers’ reflection upon their daily routines with their own practice. These authors are part of a discourse community and they have written their article on teacher reflection “as an important means for developing subject matter, pedagogical, and pedagogical-content knowledge about how to teach” (para. 1). Members of this discourse community will have access to the article through a journal, which is a participatory mechanism, and will eventually achieve a certain level of knowledge. Such members are involved in the teaching practice and that gives them a common goal, together with the goal of improving their teaching practice. Regarding specialized genre and terminology, the authors use terms like prepackaged curricula, situated learning and goal-directed activities, and acronyms such as CHAT and ZPD. Through this kind of language, members “reveal the values and beliefs of the social group in which they are participating” (Modelling Activity Systems for Proleptic Praxis section, para. 25).
Kelly-Kleese (2004) refers to the community college as a discourse community. “Its members have, over time, developed a common discourse that involves shared knowledge, common purposes, common relationships, and similar attitudes and values” (para. 5). One of the purposes of being part of that discourse community is to gain academic integrity and accountability. Developing scholarship and doing research might create the participatory mechanisms for information exchange and such exchange of information will be carried out through a specific genre within the community college discourse community. Conclusively, as a result of being a part of this community members will gain expertise.
Wenzlaff and Wieseman (2004) examined “the nature of teacher learning in a cohort-based, master’s degree program” (para. 2). This program constitutes a discourse community by having the common goals of obtaining a degree in a postgraduate course and improving attendants’ teaching practice. “The teachers sensed that the cohort model assisted in creating a ‘community of learners’ and helped them to become ‘better teachers and learners’” (The Cohort Becomes a Collaborative Culture section, para. 25). In this case, the participatory mechanisms were made up of courses and socially-shared spaces in which students, as well as teachers, could exchange information, discussing learning theories and teacher materials and pedagogy. Therefore, attendants would gain certain level of expertise regarding an improved teaching practice.
Having discussed different exponents of teachers’ discourse communities, it could be concluded that Swales’ (1990) theory represents an authoritative reference of the concept of discourse community. The scholars mentioned are, in fact, part of this discourse community of teachers and they seek improvement in their own practice as teachers but they also seek to develop scholarship in the college community. Their own contribution is the production of material of reference, published in journals as participatory mechanisms, using a specific genre with specialized terminology and aiming at making their readers attain some level of expertise.



References:

Hoffman-Kipp, P., Artiles, A. J., & Lopez Torres, L. (2003). Beyond reflection: teacher learning as praxis. Theory into Practice. Retrieved October 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NQM/is_3_42/ai_108442653
Kelly-Kleese, C. (2001). Editor’s Choice: An Open Memo to Community College Faculty and Administrators. Community College Review. Retrieved October 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HCZ/is_1_29/ai_77481463
Kelly-Kleese, C. (2004). UCLA community college review: community college scholarship and discourse. Community College Review. Retrieved October 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HCZ/is_1_32/ai_n6361541
Swales, J. M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Wenzlaff, T. L., & Wieseman, K. C. (2004). Teachers Need Teachers To Grow. Teacher Education Quarterly. Retrieved October 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3960/is_200404/ai_n9349405

martes, 28 de agosto de 2012

Welcome to my blog


Dear readers,
Welcome to my blog. My name is Analía Chao and I have been teaching English for 12 years. As this is an academic blog, I would like to share some information related to my studies. After I graduated from the Teacher Training College, I took a specialization in British History, which is known as “Adscripción”, and this year I started a postgraduate course – “Licenciatura en la Enseñanza del Idioma Inglés”.
The reason why I opened this blog is that it is one of the requirements of my class English for Academic Purposes, which is why I have given my blog this title. I find the whole enterprise a challenge and I am rather anxious regarding the use of this tool as I am inexperienced in this. However, I am eager to try and share my learning process in writing with you.

Best regards,
Analía